Theoretical Mass of Ethyl-p Aminohenzoic Acid | Experiment

Theoretical Mass of Ethyl-p Aminohenzoic Acid | Experiment The yield obtained through this experiment is 63 of the theoretical mass of ethyl-p aminohenzoic acid. There are few events that could be improved in order to issue the amount of yield obtained. First of all, the quality of reagent used is relatively small to acquire a good percentage of the product. In order for a greater percentage yield to be attainted this experiment, a great amount of reagent should be used. Beside s, that the product is transferred into too many containers repeatedly. This causes a lost in product between the transfers. Therefore, fewer transfer of product should be done in this experiment to obtain higher percentage of yield. Moreover,. Even though it was only a small portion, it is still decrease the amount of purified yield obtained.. Furthermore, more precautions should be taken while performing recrystallization such as adding as little methanol as possible. The yield can be improved by maximizing the formation of crystals. More crystals can be formed by s cratching the bottom of the Erlenmeyer flask with a glass rod and adding a crystals seed into the solution. To add on, it should be given enough time for crystals to be found while the flask is placed in the ice water bath. Through this, more yields can be acquired. What is the advantage of using absolute ethanol rather than using 95% ethanol in this experiment? If the 95% ethanol was used the little amount of water present in the diluted ethanol can prevent ester formation. This is because easter the presence of water could drive the reaction to the left. i.e. instead of acids becoming esters from the Alkyl group, the esters can become acids because of the hydrogen from the water. Therefore, the use of absolute ethanol is preferred which will drive the reaction to right, rather than using any forms of diluted ethanol that could only negatively influence reaction for ester formation. Why it is important to add the sulfuric acid drop wise to the ethanolic solution of p-aminobenzoic acid? Sulfuric acid has been proven to be the most efficient catalyst for esterification. Water is a product of the esterification reaction, where increase in water quantity would the reverse reaction and decrease the yield of the reaction. But when the reaction is performed in the presence of a concentrated sulfuric acid (hydrophyllic), it will perform as a dehydration agent that will absorb the water molecules by produced from the reaction. So in the presence of a sulfuric acid catalyst, the reaction will be driven towards the right side, which is preferable to yield more ester. The reason for adding this concentric acid in drop wise is mainly to avoid the extreme reaction of the acid with the water. Because, if excessive water was produced from the ethanolic solution of p-aminobenzoic acid, the sudden addition of large quantity of concentrated sulfuric acid could lead to extreme reaction with this excessive water, and result to a large amount of heat(exothermic). This is not safe and harmful in particular due to the use of concentrated sulphuric acid. In contrast, if acid was added as drops, the reaction will be still happening in the solution though will be limited only to a smaller extent. Therefore such procedure is preferable to maintain better control. Another advantage of using drop wise adding of the acid would permit us to control the acidity of the final resultant. Because, if the acid content is increased in the final solution the subsequent neutralization process happens in the presence of an alkaline would lead to an extreme reaction. Therefore adding drop wise acid is essential to control the acidity of the solution, so the stability of the reaction can be maintained throughout. The structure of the solid formed when the concentrated sulphuric acid is added to the solution of p-aminobenzoic acid Fischer esterification mechanism Why it is important that all of the solids dissolve during the reflux period for a good yield of product? The solid precipitate after cooling down could be unreached benzoic acid. i.e, not all the solvents are participated in the reaction to produce Benzocaine. This could happen if the amount of the ethanol is too low. But most of occasions this will be mainly due to the lack reaction between the available methanol. This can be however avoided by stirring the mixture to swift the reaction. Thus, in order to get good yield of ester, all the precipitants of the mixture have to be dissolved in the first place. However, this is not possible in most of the occasions. Why is it important to neutralize the reaction mixture during the work-up When acid is added to the reaction mixture after refluxing, the amino group is protonated, making it soluble in water. When the Na2CO3 is added, the proton is removed and makes the benzocaine is no longer soluble. Thus it begins to precipitate out of solution when the reaction mixture is neutralized. Thus it is important neutralize the moisture in order to filter out the ester from the mixture, which otherwise will be in a dissolved state hence would not be recoverable. Assuming it was necessary to add an additional portion of concentrated sulfuric acid, calculate about how much 10% aqueous sodium carbonate would be required to neutralize the reaction mixture. While the experiment 28.6 ml of sodium carbonate need to neutralized the 18M sulfuric acid. So the add of the other potion 0.5 ml of sulfuric acid What is the gas evolved during the neutralization? In presence of sulfuric acid p-amino benzoic acid reacts with ethanol to form ethyl p-aminobenzoate. The reaction medium contains the sulfuric acid and this was neutralized with sodium bicarbonate. Thus the gas evolved during the reaction between the acid and base is carbon dioxide (CO2).

Brown versus Board of Education Essay -- Race Segregation

Imagine that your walk to school lasts longer that sixty minutes even though a school is five minutes away. When you finally get there, you enter a shack with makeshift tables and a dirt floor. You do not get paper or writing utensils and you surely do not get good books. Your teacher, who did not even finish her education, hands you a book that another school determined outdated and tossed away. But on one glorious day, May 17, 1954, a promise of change is made. The Supreme Court gave you the right to attend that school at the end of your block, a previously designated white school (Rodgers 1). The next day you and your parents wear nice clothes and walk down the street to the school to enroll for the following school year. You get there and stand proud of yourself and of your new school as you move towards the Dean’s office. You are confronted with terrifying looks of disgust from your white counterparts as they deny you admission based on the color of your skin. Un fortunately, for many African Americans, this was a reality in the years following the Brown versus Board of Education decision (Stephan 19). Although we have made considerable progress since then, our job is far from finished. When examining statistics on testing scores, the quality of schools with African Americans making the majority, on housing segregation and white flight, it quickly becomes apparent that whites and blacks have different numbers. This is due primarily to the ongoing perspective that black people are inferior to them dating back to the pre-emancipation period. Even at the fiftieth anniversary of the infamous Brown versus Board of Education decision, discrepancies between the races remain prevalent. Oliver L. Brown painstakingly wat... ...earch/reseg04/brown50.pdf>. Orfield, Gary, Daniel Iosen, Johanna Wald, and Christopher B. Swanson. â€Å"Losing our Future: How Minority Youths are being Left Behind by the Graduation Rate Crisis.† The Civil Rights Project. 25 Feb. 2004 . Rogers, Frederick A. The Black High School and Its Community. Massachusetts: Lexington Books, 1975. Stephan, Walter G., and Joe R. Feagin, eds. School Desegregation: Past, Present, and Future. New York: Plenum Press, 1980. Toppo, Greg. â€Å"Integrated Schools Still a Dream 50 Years Later.† USA Today 28 Apr. 2004. United States. Bureau of the Census. Historical Income Tables. Washington: GPO, 2001. Yamasaki, Mitch. â€Å"Using Rock ‘N’ Roll to Teach the History of Post-World War II America.† The History Teacher 29.2 (1996): 179-193.

Pttls Unit 1

1. Summarise key aspects of legislation, regulatory requirements and codes of practice relating to own role and responsibilities The key legal and regulatory requirements relating to my role as a teacher are:- †¢ Children Act (2004) – Every child matters †¢ Copyright, Designs & Patents Act (1988) †¢ Data Protection Act (1998 amended 2003) †¢ Equality Act (2010) †¢ Freedom of Information Act (2000) †¢ Health & Safety at Work Act (1974) †¢ Human Rights Act (1998) Protection of Children Act (1999) †¢ Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act (2006) There will be Codes of Practice, either generic or specific, that will need to be followed such as the Code of Professional Practice (2008) introduced by the Institute for Learning. 2. Explain own responsibilities for promoting equality and valuing diversity It is important that students are able to attend, and participate in their choice of course or learning event, for it to be accessible on equal ter ms.To support this ideal, I must adhere to the equal opportunity legislation in place, which ensures that learners are not discriminated against in terms of age, gender, sexual orientation, disability, race, pregnancy or maternity, religious or other belief, marriage, civil partnership or gender reassignment. Whilst this is an ideal situation we are not able to treat everyone exactly the same. It is important to understand the needs of learners so that we can give them the best experience in the learning environment.If I have a student who uses a wheelchair, then I must ensure that access to the learning venue is suitable and that any portable ramps etc are available. Where I have students that are from diverse cultural backgrounds I should encourage an environment where differing opinions are respected and prejudice or stereotyping are challenged. Where further support is required by a learner, it should be offered 3. Explain own role and responsibilities in lifelong learning First ly, I need to identify the needs of the organisation, individuals and me personally.I will ensure that any forms are easy to complete and cater for different languages or print size and are available in hard copy or electronically. I will need to make an initial assessment of the needs of learners and agree learning plans. I need to prepare a scheme of work to include session plans, learning materials to meet the needs of the syllabus and liaise with other interested parties. I will need to facilitate learning using a variety of approaches including formulating ground rules, record keeping, incorporating different teaching and learning materials and even knowing who and where the nominated first aider is.I will need to assess the learning, ensuring that the awarding body rules are met. I must ensure that relevant documentation is completed and kept safe and confidential. I will need to check the students lerning outcomes have been met and that they have gained the necessary skills a nd knowledge. I need to evaluate my teaching experience by obtaining feedback from others. I can obtain this from the student, awarding body and organisation I am working for.I will also evaluate my own work in order to make improvements to my teaching ability and the learning experience. 4. Explain own role and responsibilities in identifying and meeting the needs of the learners I can identify the learners needs at the application stage, by interview, questionnaire, or at a student 1to1 session, or at the beginning of the session or programme. I must give clear guidance on the process and information to ensure the course meats their personal learning needs. Once I have the information this will help me with my planning.I need to ascertain the required learning support (help with ITC, numeracy, literacy), or student support (help with personal issues, general guidance or advice), and again use the information in my planning and course execution. 2. 1Explain the boundaries between t he teaching role and other professional roles It is important to understand where my role as a teacher ends and where I need to involve other professionals. These might include Heads of Dept, H&S officers, technicians, support workers or admin staff. Within the ACO I may need to refer to parents/guardians Wing, Region or Head Quarters specialists.I, for instance as a teacher am not qualified to repair a broken plug socket so I would refer to an electrician, similarly I am not a social worker therefore any issues that are of a personal nature (to the student)I would pass over to the relevant specialist rather than trying to deal with it myself, potentially causing more harm. 2. 2Describe points of referral to meet the needs of learners It is possible that I will encounter students with a variety of degrees of needs so I need to remain impartial and sensitive to individual situations. I will not be able to deal with every situation that arises.I must be aware of where I can refer stud ents for help both within and externally to the organisation. Below is a table containing example points of referral. |INTERNAL |EXTERNAL | |accommodation officers |awarding organisations | |careers advisers |banks or building societies | |colleagues carers | |Counsellors |charities | |examination officers |childcare agencies | |financial services staff |Citizens Advice Bureau | |first-aiders |employers | |health and welfare officers |health centre. , slimming clubs, general | |information , advice and guidance staff |practitioners, hospitals | |interpreters |Job Centre Plus | |learning support staff |motoring and transport organisations | |mentors |police | |student support staff |telephone help-lines and agencies such as abuse, alcohol, bereavement support, | |student union representatives |Childline, Crimestoppers, debt, drug, lesbian and gay switchboard, gambling, | |teachers |NHS Direct , parentline, Samaritans, victim support | | |websites which are relevant | Table from ‘Preparing to Teach in the Life Long Learning Sector’ by Ann Gravells – Pg 53 2. 3Summarise own responsibilities in relation to other professionals My main responsibility is to my students, however I need to be aware of the impact my actions will have on other groups or individuals. I will need to be conscious of how I work with other managers on site as well as my peers, with awarding bodies including internal and external verifiers & Ofsted inspectors and other external agencies. Within the Air Cadet Organisation (ACO). I will also have responsibilities with regard to parents/ guardians and other members of the ACO. I must remain professional and not exceed my role boundaries 3. Explain own responsibilities in maintaining a safe and supportive learning environment It is imperative that the environment is safe. The room or area for teaching must be large enough to support the activities being undertaken and the number of people involved. A risk assessment s hould be carried out to highlight and eliminate (so far is practicable) any potential dangers. Consideration must be given to lighting, heating, ventilation and toilet facilities to ensure the comfort of learners and teaching staff. I must inform the group regarding procedures for housekeeping, and emergency evacuation. 3. 2Explain ways to promote appropriate behavior and respect othersI would establish with the group some ground rules both for the learners and myself to promote the appropriate safety, behaviour and respect of everyone. It is important that these rules are negotiated and agreed with the group. These rules can be reviewed and changed as the course progresses as needed. For the group – what they should expect from each other, things like courtesy, respecting others views etc. For myself – What the learners can expect from me. Some rules may be imposed – health and safety, no smoking, no anti-social behavior. Some more negotiable – standard of dress, break timings, turning off mobile phones. Reference Book Preparing to Teach in the Life Long Learning Sector’ by Ann Gravells

ADHD Impact on family Essay - 698 Words

The Impact on the Family After reading the articles Driven to Distraction and Lost in Translation, both from Today’s Parent magazine, I have learned many new things. I learned that it is sometimes not very easy to pick out a child with ADHD, even if it is your own child. It could take years to discover that a child has ADHD. It can be easily detected once the child has entered elementary school. One of the signs of ADHD is falling behind in school, or acting up and not being able to pay attention for long periods of time. This causes frustration for the child, the parents, teachers and the other students in the classroom. It is difficult for parents because they do not want to believe that their child has a disability. It is even harder†¦show more content†¦She struggled in school and was always known as the problem child. She did not have many friends, and she was never really welcomed in extracurricular activities. She once cried to her school principle because she wanted to be sterilized ( isolated) from the other children so she could concentrate on her school work. Today, Amber gives talks to high school and university students about what it was like growing up hyperactive. Her stories are emotional and she still hasn’t dealt with a lot of the rejection and anger. She has not outgrown her hyperactivity but she has learned how to control it. In the article, The Gift of ADHD? a boy named Sam grew up thinking he was a failure and that he was stupid. But now at age 24 he is a partner in a real-estate firm. He states that the key to his success is his ADHD. There is a controversial point that some of the symptoms of ADHD actually have flip sides that strengthen creativity, energy and intuition. Many criminals have ADHD as well as successful artists and CEO’s. The difficult thing is learning how to control the disorder and whether you let it become a gift or a curse. Understanding ADHD nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The article, Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, describes almost anything you would want to know or need to know about ADHD. After reading this article I have learned that ADHD is a neurobiological disorder that affects 3 to 7 percent of school-aged children. It is now aShow MoreRelatedAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1495 Words   |  6 Pageshyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD is a neuro-development disorder and can start as early as three years old throughout adulthood. People with ADHD have trouble focusing on tasks and activities, this can have a negative impact on the individual in different ways. It can make the child feel alone, incompetent, and powerless and those that don’t understand this behavior only intensified their struggle. Family and schools have a major impact on the life of a child suffering with ADHD. Parents who are helpfulRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )948 Words   |  4 Pagest heir lives which impacts them everyday. All three of the celebrities have Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. ADHD is a mental disorder which affects millions of people from all ages. It affects the brain and typically includes attention difficulty, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness. Typically beginning in childhood, ADHD can last a lifetime. Notably, boys are more than twice as likely to be diagnosed with ADHD than girls. Unfortunately, there is no cure for the disorder. ADHD contributes toRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd ) Essay1623 Words   |  7 PagesAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder has made a negative impact a strong among the younger population. Those who classify as having ADHD are often seen as being disruptive, distracting during class and unable to pay attention. This behavior will not only impact the child, but as well as the family of the child, their peers and along with other factors too. For those in various settings, those don’t often realize the main causes of what indicates certain behaviors in the classroom and other locationsRead MoreWhat Is Genetic Influences And Risk Factors1130 Words   |  5 PagesGenetic Influences and Risk Factors A number of quantitative genetic studies have been conducted to determine the genetic basis of the etiology of ADHD, resulting in the identification of multiple genes that are currently thought to be associated with the development of this disorder. Some of the associations made included the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1), dopamine receptor genes (DRD4) and (DRD5), serotonin 1B receptor gene (5HTR1B), the serotonin transporter promoter gene (5-HTTLPR) (Retz etRead MoreThe Effects Of Adhd On Children s Overall Development1318 Words   |  6 PagesADHD has an effect on the child’s overall development. It doesn’t impact them as much as some disorders do, but it does take effect. It has no effect on their language and as far as my research shows, it has little or no effect on their self-help skills either, however it does effect the cognitive, and fine motor domains. About half of all the children who have ADHD also have a learning disability. â€Å"Among the children w ho did not have a learning disability, children with ADHD had more learning problemsRead MoreWhat Is Adhd?. Adhd Stands For Attention Deficit Hyperactivity1564 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is ADHD? ADHD stands for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. It is also called ADD for short. ADHD is a brain disorder marked by an ongoing pattern of inattention and hyperactivity that interferes with the everyday life of a person. This developmental impairment of the brain’s self-management system includes problems with motivation, focusing on tasks and monitoring emotions to fit any given environment (Frank). According to the article, ADHD by the Numbers: Facts, Statistics, and YouRead MoreEssay about Attention Deficit Disorder894 Words   |  4 PagesHyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Justin Timberlake, Karina Smirnoff, Will Smith, Michael Phelps, Ty Pennington, Paris Hilton, Howie Mandel, and Bruce Jenner are among the eleven percent of Americans diagnosed with ADHD. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common disorders found in children, but it is sometimes found in adults too. ADHD is a problem of not being able to focus, being overactive, having uncontrollable behavior, or a combination of both of these. ADHD is a disorderRead MoreRhetorical Analysis : Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )912 Words   |  4 PagesAttention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a serious neurodevelopment disorder that has affected an innumerable number of children and adults in the United States (Centers for disease Control and Prevention, 2013). It is one of the most common disorders that can cause difficulty at school and home and can also remain into adulthood. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)publishes a web page on ADHD to inform and persuade the public that ADHD is a condition that they should be concernedRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1581 Words   |  7 Pages Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), according to the textbook, is a lifelong neurological development disturbance that causes inattention and hyperactivity problems (Wicks-Nelson Israel, 2015, p. 217). Many of those who have ADHD also suffer from one or more type of learning disability, because their attention issues that inhibit their ability to focus on the materials being taught at the moment (McNamara, J. [October 19, 2016], Lecture #6, Brock University). According to the DiagnosticRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1438 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder also called (ADHD) is the most common complex behavioral disorder among children, affecting approximately 5% to 10% of the population worldwide (Rosenblum, Frisch, Deutsh- Castel, and Josman, 2015). The earliest age to get your child diagnosed is at age four. Many parents have children that are very active when they are toddler and in preschool, and automatically thing their child has ADHD when actually the child is just acting as a normal toddler and